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Trends in Indian Artillery Modernisation

The Indian Army is undergoing a transformative modernisation of its artillery systems, driven by the need to counter evolving national security threats

Issue 4 - 2024 By Rohit GoelPhoto(s): By adgpi / X, DRDO
K-9 Vajra-T is an indigenously manufactured Self-Propelled Gun System

Focused on bolstering its firepower, the initiative includes the procurement and deployment of advanced weaponry, indigenous platforms, and cutting-edge surveillance technologies. This overhaul reflects the Army’s commitment to strengthening its operational readiness, particularly in the challenging terrains along the borders with China and Pakistan.

K9 Vajra: A Pillar of Modernisation

The K9 Vajra self-propelled howitzer has emerged as a cornerstone of the Army’s artillery enhancement. These 155mm, 52-calibre tracked guns, originally designed for desert warfare, have demonstrated exceptional adaptability in high-altitude regions such as Eastern Ladakh, where they were deployed following the border standoff with China. Their ability to operate effectively in extreme heat and sub-zero temperatures highlights their versatility.

The Indian Army has already inducted 100 units of the K9 Vajra, manufactured by Larsen & Toubro (L&T) at its Armoured Systems Complex in Gujarat. This production is based on technology transferred from South Korean defence major Hanwha Defense. With a firing range exceeding 50 kilometres and a robust 50-tonne frame, these howitzers provide a significant edge in modern warfare. The Army has sought Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approval for an additional batch of 100 Vajras, reaffirming their strategic importance.

L&T’s successful delivery of the initial batch ahead of schedule in 2021 underlines the potential of Indian defence manufacturing. The company has also made concerted efforts to indigenise components, aligning with the government’s “Atmanirbharta” (self-reliance) initiative in the defence sector.

Indigenous Artillery: Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Systems

Complementing the K9 Vajra is the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS), a fully indigenous platform developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in collaboration with Bharat Forge and Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL). The ATAGS, a 155mm, 52-calibre gun, is set to replace the legacy Bofors systems. After rigorous testing across challenging terrains, including high-altitude areas exceeding 13,000 feet, Bharat Forge emerged as the lowest bidder for a ₹7,000 crore contract to produce these guns, with TASL expected to share 40 per cent of the order.

The Army has sought Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approval for an additional batch of 100 Vajras, reaffirming their strategic importance

The ATAGS represents a leap in domestic defence capability, with features such as longer range, greater accuracy, and faster deployment compared to its predecessors. Notably, the system has already achieved export success, with a batch delivered to Armenia, underscoring its global competitiveness.

Upcoming Artillery Platforms

The modernisation programme extends to new artillery platforms, including the Mounted Gun System (MGS) and Towed Gun System (TGS). These systems are designed for enhanced mobility and operational flexibility, essential for modern battlefield scenarios. Trials for these platforms are scheduled to begin in 2025. The MGS, for instance, offers the advantage of being transportable via helicopters, making it suitable for rapid deployment in remote or mountainous regions.

Enhanced Rocket and Missile Systems

The Army’s rocket systems have also seen significant advancements, particularly with the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher. Developed under the “Atmanirbharta” initiative, the Pinaka system has undergone substantial upgrades. The Mark-II variant now offers a range of 90 kilometres, compared to the 40-kilometre range of the Mark-I. Efforts are underway to extend the range further to 300 kilometres, significantly increasing its strategic value.

Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS)

Missile technology is another critical area of focus. The DRDO is spearheading research into hypersonic missiles, capable of exceeding Mach 5 speeds, and has recently conducted a successful flight trial of a long-range hypersonic missile with a range exceeding 1,500 kilometres. This development is part of a broader effort to enhance the range, accuracy, and lethality of both ballistic and cruise missiles.

Surveillance and Target Acquisition Enhancements

Modern artillery operations rely heavily on precision targeting and situational awareness. To this end, the Army is upgrading its Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) regiments. This includes the deployment of swarm drones, loitering munitions, and remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs). These technologies enable realtime reconnaissance and precise engagement of enemy targets, enhancing operational effectiveness.

Industry Collaboration and Indigenous Innovations

The Army’s modernisation efforts are deeply intertwined with the contributions of India’s defence industry. Private sector giants like Bharat Forge, TASL, and L&T have played pivotal roles in developing and delivering advanced artillery systems. For instance, Bharat Forge and TASL have jointly developed the ATAGS, while L&T’s expertise has been instrumental in the production of the K9 Vajra.

Bharat Forge recently emerged as the lowest bidder for an approximately ₹7,000 crore ($840 million) ATAGS contract, expected to be finalised before the end of FY2024-25, marking a significant step in the Indian Army’s artillery modernisation programme

Moreover, the DRDO is actively engaged in developing Sensor Fuzed Munition (SFM) and extended-range ammunition, aimed at increasing the lethality and accuracy of artillery fire. These efforts reflect a seamless collaboration between public institutions, private enterprises, and academia, which is vital for sustaining the momentum of modernisation.

Expanding Capabilities for the Future

The Indian Army is pursuing a forward-looking approach, with multiple projects aimed at ensuring sustained artillery superiority. In addition to the ongoing procurements, the Army has issued tenders for next-generation artillery systems, requiring domestic design, development, and manufacturing. This aligns with the government’s vision of reducing reliance on imports and fostering a robust domestic defence ecosystem.

The introduction of these advanced systems is expected to address the challenges posed by outdated equipment and prepare the Army for future conflicts. With an initial requirement of 400 systems, the programme holds potential for further expansion.

Conclusion

The Indian Army’s artillery modernisation marks a critical milestone in its quest for self-reliance and enhanced combat readiness. From the K9 Vajra and ATAGS to advanced missile systems and surveillance technologies, the Army is building a comprehensive arsenal to meet contemporary and future security challenges. This initiative not only strengthens national defence but also propels India’s indigenous defence manufacturing sector to new heights, ensuring a robust and self-sufficient military-industrial complex.

By aligning operational requirements with technological advancements and fostering collaborations across sectors, the Indian Army is setting a benchmark for modernisation that addresses both immediate needs and long-term strategic goals.